What to study for your upcoming test or quiz
Midyear Check Test:
1. given the latitude and longitude of a location, indicate its position on a map and determine the latitude and longitude of a given location on a map
2. using identification tests and a flow chart, identify mineral samples
3. use a diagram of the rock cycle to determine geological processes that led to the formation of a specific rock type
4. plot the location of recent earthquake and volcanic activity on a map and identify patterns of distribution
Explain how the atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (water), and lithosphere (land) interact, evolve, and change.
Major Understandings:
2.1a Nearly all the atmosphere is confined to a thin shell surrounding Earth. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases, including nitrogen and oxygen with small amounts of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases. The atmosphere is stratified into layers, each having distinct properties. Nearly all weather occurs in the lowest layer of the atmosphere.
2.1b As altitude increases, air pressure decreases.
2.1c The rock at Earth’s surface forms a nearly continuous shell around Earth called the lithosphere.
2.1d The majority of the lithosphere is covered by a relatively thin layer of water called the hydrosphere.
2.1e Rocks are composed of minerals. Only a few rock-forming minerals make up most of the rocks of Earth. Minerals are identified on the basis of physical properties such as streak, hardness, and reaction to acid.
2.1f Fossils are usually found in sedimentary rocks. Fossils can be used to study past climates and environments.
2.1g The dynamic processes that wear away Earth’s surface include weathering and erosion.
2.1h The process of weathering breaks down rocks to form sediment. Soil consists of sediment, organic material, water, and air.
2.1i Erosion is the transport of sediment. Gravity is the driving force behind erosion. Gravity can act directly or through agents such as moving water, wind, and glaciers.
2.1j Water circulates through the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere in what is known as the water cycle.
Describe volcano and earthquake patterns, the rock cycle, and weather and climate changes.
Major Understandings:
2.2a The interior of Earth is hot. Heat flow and movement of material within Earth
cause sections of Earth’s crust to move. This may result in earthquakes, volcanic
eruption, and the creation of mountains and ocean basins.
2.2b Analysis of earthquake wave data (vibrational disturbances) leads to the conclusion that there are layers within Earth. These layers—the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core—have distinct properties.
2.2c Folded, tilted, faulted, and displaced rock layers suggest past crustal movement.
2.2d Continents fitting together like puzzle parts and fossil correlations provided initial evidence that continents were once together.
2.2e The Theory of Plate Tectonics explains how the “solid” lithosphere consists of a series of plates that “float” on the partially molten section of the mantle. Convection cells within the mantle may be the driving force for the movement of the plates.
2.2f Plates may collide, move apart, or slide past one another. Most volcanic activity and mountain building occur at the boundaries of these plates, often resulting in earthquakes.
2.2g Rocks are classified according to their method of formation. The three classes of rocks are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Most rocks show characteristics that give clues to their formation conditions.
Friday, 1/16
Chapter 2
fault stress earthquake
seismic wave focus epicenter
seismograph aftershock liquefaction
tsunami
Midyear Check Test:
1. given the latitude and longitude of a location, indicate its position on a map and determine the latitude and longitude of a given location on a map
2. using identification tests and a flow chart, identify mineral samples
3. use a diagram of the rock cycle to determine geological processes that led to the formation of a specific rock type
4. plot the location of recent earthquake and volcanic activity on a map and identify patterns of distribution
Explain how the atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (water), and lithosphere (land) interact, evolve, and change.
Major Understandings:
2.1a Nearly all the atmosphere is confined to a thin shell surrounding Earth. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases, including nitrogen and oxygen with small amounts of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases. The atmosphere is stratified into layers, each having distinct properties. Nearly all weather occurs in the lowest layer of the atmosphere.
2.1b As altitude increases, air pressure decreases.
2.1c The rock at Earth’s surface forms a nearly continuous shell around Earth called the lithosphere.
2.1d The majority of the lithosphere is covered by a relatively thin layer of water called the hydrosphere.
2.1e Rocks are composed of minerals. Only a few rock-forming minerals make up most of the rocks of Earth. Minerals are identified on the basis of physical properties such as streak, hardness, and reaction to acid.
2.1f Fossils are usually found in sedimentary rocks. Fossils can be used to study past climates and environments.
2.1g The dynamic processes that wear away Earth’s surface include weathering and erosion.
2.1h The process of weathering breaks down rocks to form sediment. Soil consists of sediment, organic material, water, and air.
2.1i Erosion is the transport of sediment. Gravity is the driving force behind erosion. Gravity can act directly or through agents such as moving water, wind, and glaciers.
2.1j Water circulates through the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere in what is known as the water cycle.
Describe volcano and earthquake patterns, the rock cycle, and weather and climate changes.
Major Understandings:
2.2a The interior of Earth is hot. Heat flow and movement of material within Earth
cause sections of Earth’s crust to move. This may result in earthquakes, volcanic
eruption, and the creation of mountains and ocean basins.
2.2b Analysis of earthquake wave data (vibrational disturbances) leads to the conclusion that there are layers within Earth. These layers—the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core—have distinct properties.
2.2c Folded, tilted, faulted, and displaced rock layers suggest past crustal movement.
2.2d Continents fitting together like puzzle parts and fossil correlations provided initial evidence that continents were once together.
2.2e The Theory of Plate Tectonics explains how the “solid” lithosphere consists of a series of plates that “float” on the partially molten section of the mantle. Convection cells within the mantle may be the driving force for the movement of the plates.
2.2f Plates may collide, move apart, or slide past one another. Most volcanic activity and mountain building occur at the boundaries of these plates, often resulting in earthquakes.
2.2g Rocks are classified according to their method of formation. The three classes of rocks are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Most rocks show characteristics that give clues to their formation conditions.
Friday, 1/16
Chapter 2
fault stress earthquake
seismic wave focus epicenter
seismograph aftershock liquefaction
tsunami